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- <text id=89TT2666>
- <link 89TT0479>
- <title>
- Oct. 16, 1989: Nuclear Fears About Galileo
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Oct. 16, 1989 The Ivory Trail
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SPACE, Page 76
- Nuclear Fears About Galileo
- </hdr><body>
- <p>The Jupiter probe will carry 50 lbs. of radioactive plutonium
- </p>
- <p> If the shuttle Atlantis lifts off this week from its Cape
- Canaveral launch pad as planned, astronomers will let out a
- long-delayed cheer. At last the Galileo mission, which has
- languished for more than a decade because of technical debates
- and the Challenger explosion, will be getting under way.
- Astronauts on Atlantis will release the Galileo spacecraft,
- setting it on a six-year, 2.5 billion-mile journey to Jupiter.
- There the probe will take the first direct measurements of the
- planet's dense clouds and hurricane-like winds.
- </p>
- <p> Few doubt the scientific value of the Galileo flight.
- Nonetheless, a sharp controversy has dogged the mission. At
- issue is the space probe's power source: two radioisotope
- thermoelectric generators that are fueled by almost 50 lbs. of
- highly radioactive plutonium 238. Antinuclear groups, led by the
- Florida Coalition for Peace and Justice and the Washington-based
- Christic Institute, have claimed that the generators are unsafe.
- Their view is shared by Richard Cuddihy, an analyst with the
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center in Albuquerque and the
- lone dissenter on the federal interagency panel that recommended
- a go-ahead for the Galileo program. Says Cuddihy: "The risks of
- the launch are greater than those originally estimated by the
- committee."
- </p>
- <p> Opponents charge that a disaster during launch could spew
- large amounts of radioactive fallout throughout Florida and
- cause 2,000 cases of lung, bone and liver cancer. The danger,
- they say, does not end with a successful takeoff. To gather
- momentum, the Galileo spacecraft will first make a swing around
- Venus and two around the earth before hurtling off to Jupiter.
- Critics are concerned that the vehicle could collide with the
- earth during close flybys in 1990 and 1992.
- </p>
- <p> NASA used similar generators on 22 space missions, but no
- one paid much attention until the Challenger tragedy dramatized
- the risks of space launches. The space agency admits that there
- have been three accidents involving RTG-powered vehicles. The
- most significant was in 1964, when a satellite launched by the
- Air Force burned up over the Pacific, tripling the amount of
- radioactive plutonium 238 in the environment. It is not clear
- what health effects that might have had. The generators were
- then redesigned, and in two subsequent accidents in which
- spacecraft broke apart, no radioactivity is known to have
- escaped.
- </p>
- <p> NASA has gone to extraordinary lengths to make sure the
- RTGs are safe. Each of the 144 plutonium pellets in the
- generators, designed by General Electric, is surrounded by an
- iridium shell. Coated pellets are then encased by two graphite
- shells and finally by an aluminum shroud. The U.S. Department
- of Energy has spent $50 million testing the generators. In one
- experiment, engineers fired shrapnel traveling 700 ft. per sec.
- at the iridium casings. None was pierced. In another test,
- scientists tacked an RTG to a solid rocket booster and blew it
- up. No damaged graphite shells were detected.
- </p>
- <p> Space officials calculate that the chances of plutonium
- being released in an aborted mission are no greater than 1 in
- 1,428. Declares Dudley McConnell, nuclear safety manager for
- NASA: "You have a thousand times greater chance of dying on the
- ground from debris falling from an airplane crash than you do
- from the Galileo mission." Critics, though, remain unconvinced
- by such assurances. For them, the only real comfort will come
- when Galileo is gone from earth.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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